1853 Archive

Hi, this is a comment.
To get started with moderating, editing, and deleting comments, please visit the Comments screen in the dashboard.
Commenter avatars come from Gravatar.

The office of a magistrate.  
Definition of magistrate: “A civil officer charged with the administration of the law, a member of the executive government.”
“magistrate, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/112219. Accessed 4 November 2022.

[follies]
Definition: “Foolishness or deficiency in understanding; lack of good sense” 
“folly, n.1.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/72576. Accessed 28 October 2022.

Definition: “Any of various monetary units or coins of the British Isles, usually of equal or similar value to the penny”
“pence, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/140204. Accessed 28 October 2022.

The evening of the seventh night of the week.  The entirety of the day is sacred and is designed for rest and religious purposes.  It is seen as a day of worship and Is commonly held on Sundays but in some cultures is observed on Saturdays.  
 
Hacker, Omer . “Sabbath”. In obo in Jewish Studies. 28 Oct. 2022. <https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199840731/obo-9780199840731-0211.xml&gt;.

Definition: “In Biblical language, as an attribute of God: passionate love or care which will tolerate no unfaithfulness or disobedience.”
 
“zeal, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/232724. Accessed 28 October 2022.

Definition: “humor or lack of seriousness, especially during a serious occasion”
 
“Levity.” LEVITY | Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/levity.
 

Definition: “Evenness of mind or temper; the quality or condition of being undisturbed by elation, depression, or agitating emotion.” 
“equanimity, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/63711. Accessed 4 November 2022. 

Definition: “The signs, utterances, or behaviour of a penitent; expressions of penitence or apology”
“penitential, n. and adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/140142. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

Definition: “An expression or utterance that evokes sadness or sympathy, esp. in a work of literature; a description, passage, or scene of this nature. Now rare.”
“pathos, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/138808. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

Referring to a higher power or god.   Frequently referenced in Christian texts or the field of Christianity.   
 
“almighty, adj., n., and adv.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5585. Accessed 4 November 2022.

The use of a medicine such as a laxative to clean out the bowels.  
 
“purgative, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/154869. Accessed 9 November 2022

A medical condition that involves severe inflammation in the intestines.  Also referred to as Neutropenic Enterocolitis.  Symptoms present with fever, diarrhea and severe abdominal pain.  Can be treated with antibiotics, surgical treatments, and other medical procedures.  In the 1850’s was incurable and resulted in death with almost every case.  
 
Qasim, Abdallah, and Joseph Nahas. “Neutropenic Enterocolitis (Typhlitis) .” National Library of Medicine , National Center for Biotechnology Information, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551577/.
 
 

Definition: the localized or generalized accumulation of excessive fluid in tissues or body cavities
 
“oedema | edema, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/130504. Accessed 16 November 2022. 

Definition: the entrails or bowels together with the heart, liver, lungs, etc.
 
“viscera, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/223877. Accessed 16 November 2022.

The right most portion of the abdomen located below the ribcage.  Contains the liver, gallbladder, portal vein, and the right side of the colon.  
 
Efrain A. Miranda, Ph.D. “Abdominal Regions.” Medical Terminology Daily , 21 Aug. 2018, https://clinicalanatomy.com/mtd/176-abdominal-regions.
 
 

Abdominal fluid

This paragraph describes the finding of the autopsy.  
The interior sac of the abdomen was swollen with clear fluids.  The liver was adhered to the diaphragm and was scarred and diseased.  In the right lobe of the liver was a mass the size of an infant’s head.  It was found to be a dense cyst that contained a thick mixture of puss and other fluids.  The tumor involved the diaphragm and the lung.  They first suspected that the cyst was composed of a degenerated tape worm (hydatid) but that was proved incorrect.  The  walls of the cyst were firm and had merged into the liver.  The left testis was a contained collection of a similar mixture.  

The old english version of the word “connection”

Definition: Brought to a thick consistence; thickened.
 

“inspissated, adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97007. Accessed 16 November 2022. 

Resembling or characteristic of jaundice. 

Listening by ear or with a tool such as a stethoscope to determine the condition of health or disease.   

Difficult or labored breathing.  

A small hole was made into the cavity below the ribs allowing about a pint of grainy and rancid liquid to escape.  The opening was then enlarged using a surgical blade to allow the operators finger to enter the cavity for exploration.  

Referring to parasites such as a tapeworm and their larva.  

Definition: pain in the chest or the side, esp. when stabbing in nature and exacerbated by inspiration or coughing
 
“pleurisy, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/145764. Accessed 16 November 2022.

 An enclosed stone in a cystic sac developed from the wall of the bladder.  

This paragraph describes the findings of the autopsy. 
At the autopsy, and large abscess the size of an infant’s head was found in the outermost portion of the left lobe of the liver.  The incision that had been made allowed the abscess to spill into the abdomen and into the pericardium.  The heart was covered in pus and rough from deposits of fluid.  The left lung contained nearly seven pints of fluid.  

A combination of medicines and drugs.  

Blood that have the appearance of a yellow tint and con-caved and congealed red blood cells.  

Relating to the man’s state of consciousness.  Refers to insensibility or impaired consciousness rather than lacking intelligence. 
 
“stupid, adj., adv., and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/192218. Accessed 2 December 2022.

Definition: “In a state or condition of quietness; motionless; inactive; dormant.” 
 
“quiescent, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/156496. Accessed 2 December 2022.

Stripped of the pericranium or the deepest layer of the scalp that protects the skull and interior part of the brain.  

The upper dome like portion of the skull.  
 
“calvaria | calvarium, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/26560. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 

Definition: Diseased tissue that has come away or fallen off.  
 
“slough, v.2.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/182134. Accessed 2 December 2022.

“implanted” vs. “mplanted”

Fact

Notable words: amidst, mediocrity, pictorial
A General overview of this paragraph is the part it is talking about different forms of paintings.

This paragraph gives off major French revolution vibes because people are being executed. however this is London so it is not the French revolution. This does show the power of the English monarchy and how powerful the reigning queen is. 

[girlish expression of the Virgin’s countenance]
Love this wording 

[“ The Kiss of Judas,”]
Don’t really get what this means

[Five hundred works of art more or less make a vast difference in the fatigue of going through an exhibition of this kind, especially when (as is most probable in this case) a very large *proportion of the excluded five hundred consisted of pictures.]
Well it is true most art museums have hundreds if not thousands of paintings however they rotate them through out the year to show variety but they will never be all on display at once.

[upon any of the days I have visited them, been oppressively warm or unpleasantly crowded.]
I find that some articles are written from a first person point of view, which is different to the way we wright news now a days because it is journalist going to people to get stories and writing the story from an outside perspective in place of where they used to write stories about the events they experienced.

[Agrippina, Nero’s Mother.]
Was the Queen of Rome, right before her son took the throne.
 

[Michael Angelo]
A famous painter know for painting St. Peters Basilica at the Vatican in Rome

[I am puzzled to account for the style of colouring, which is decidedly an imitation of Ingres, and con­sequently very different from, and far inferior to, that of the great painter under whom these artists studied.]
Artists all have their way of painting and the way they interpret art. Most famous painters only became famous because they got commissioned to do art for someone famous and well known.

[ Paris Horse-market ]
Is a painting by the title of “the horse fair” was painted by Rosa Bonheur in 1852 and the artist made some finishing touches in 1855 and the painting now resides in the metropolitan museum of art in New York city
 

[but it is also very uninteresting, although there is spirit and life in it. There are too many grey horses for the effect of the picture; and there is a monotony in the grouping. ]
The writer of this article thinks the painting is to monotone. however my analysis of this would be the artists did this intentionally to describe the monotony of life for a woman in the 1800s.

[The water is good, but the atmosphere does not realise all one imagines of the golden light and dancing ether of that brilliant region. The tints are rather grey and purple.]
This is criticizing the atmosphere of another painting. but the author of this is stating that it is a beautiful painting of the Turkish quarter of Constantinople during the rule of the romans before the fall of Rome.

[Constantinople]
This was once the capital of Ancient Rome, however after the ottoman empire raided the city they took it over and renamed it to Istanbul and the name stands to this day.

[ Entrance of the Great Mosque at Ispahan: the Persians entering for Evening Prayer.]
Great work of architecture that currently stands in Isfahan, which is a city in present day Iran. 

[France, is a picture of the ” Valley of Ardennes,” near Toulon, by Vincent Cordouan. Cicero has a nice landscape,“ Le Soir and another,“ A Road through a Forest,” which has been purchased by the Minister of State. ]
List off some great paintings the were purchased by the minister of state for the country of France.

[“ Warranted a Likeness,” a lovely little girl seated and smiling through an oval picture frame, which encloses her head and shoulders, and is held before her by her young mother or elder sister. His “ Pearl Necklace ” is almost equally attractive—a group of charm­ing women contemplating the antics of a monkey, which, having found an open jewel-case upon his mistress’s toilet table, adorns himself with its contents.]
These paintings like most of the other I would place in the portraiture section of art because that is what most artists did during this time. It was a way of remembering a moment in time for later. Portraiture was essentially the selfies we take to day but instead of the five seconds it takes to snap a picture these took hours and usually several days of painting to finish. 

[Two drunken old musicians, whom I could almost swear to have seen scores of times in Germany, have gathered up their instruments, and are about to resume their itinerant existence, interrupted by a day’s halt and feasting. One, whose glassy gaze and bloated features tell of his drouthy propensities, smokes a short pipe; the other is about to drain a glass but partly emptied by a departed guest.]
Parties of the 1800s were basically the most extravagant things you could imagine, and only for the rich and famous. Everyone showed up in very expensive clothing and the finest jewelry. Along with that a live band who played classical music.  

[Each has great merit, and the expression of the girl’s face, in Knaus’s principal picture, shows that he has feeling as well as fun. ]
Most artist are depicted on being lonely and took up painting as a hobby. However it was the opposite, most painters took pride in showing off their work and had a social life. I say most because some artists were solitary and spent month away from people creating paintings and some even went insane.

Fun fact about a 100 years later Germany under the Nazi party, ended up taking over Europe and tried to get rid of expressionist art and most of the paintings they captured were desired and lost to history.

[opera]
Is a form of musical art that tells a tale through a stage performance in the form we now call a play and was widely available to the masses for veiwing.

[paper lanterns]
usually used as celebratory lighting but is Chinese in origin.

[Moer, a Brussels artist, who contributes three interiors of no great interest, and of an unpleasing colour; but one of which, a studio, exhibits a capital effect of sun-light through a window.]
It seems that most of this news is very bias toward the authors point of view. which in news is not a really bad thing but it is frowned upon today because as a journalist you have to bring your audience the truth and facts to back it up. with art it is very complicated because you have to interpret it. the painter knows why he painted the painting but the viewer has to guess on which way to interpret it. 

[M. Compte Calix has, however, certain merits of his own. He paints very pretty female faces, and is skilful in varying their expression—a talent not always found in painters who deal largely in female beauty. As to his bed-making picture, more may be meant by it than meets the eye, but what is meant I have not yet been able to discover. ]
In most genre paintings female beauty was very much a thing and most artist attempted to do this very well and most of them did respect the female art form. but on the contrary most painters were men and painted only the finest women, and went over the top to make them more beautiful then they actually were. on the other hand some artists did paint some taboo paintings that went off book and showed the darker side to human emotions that even the purest of us still can be evil.

[The Old Musician,” a poor, desponding old man, sitting in his room with a pan of lighted charcoal, awaiting death by suffocation]
Historical paintings were often done to mark points in history, and the sad fact of the time was that there was no middle class you either had money or you didn’t. so the poor often were at the mercy of the local government to provide for them and most of the time it did not work as intended due to corruption and this lead to the crime rate being through the roof and people getting the axe for petty crimes and the wealthy getting way with almost anything.   

[ In a lurid gleam in one corner of the picture the demons of discord are seen in the air, and the ominous figures, “ 1793,” address to the reckless and licentious crew a warning unheeded until too late]
Most paintings has a undertone yet noticed meaning to them to point out societies problems and to show a point. sort of like painting the wealthy as greedy and unfaithful and painting the poor as the people who are not suffering. Sort of like a piece of wringing by Judith butler from our time who directly give the audience who is reading it what they want while minorly pointing out what is wrong with society in the subtext.

[I have heard it attacked on account of the somewhat melancholy expression, and of a certain tearfulness in the eyes. There may be some slight grounds for the latter objection, although it appears to me rather strained; but, as to the expression, I persist in saying that it is the one natural to a lady when her features are in repose.]
People don’t tend to like when a artist botches a painting about them and paints their undesirable features like a wife who cheats on here husband. some what of a petty revenge story about how you should be faithful to your god or you will suffer his wrath.

[ It is a portrait taken under one of his less favourable aspects—when he is engrossed by business rather than in the relaxation of social intercourse. ]
Paintings of states men usually tended to be very good, however the states men are usually the ones who bribe and corrupt the town to get more money then they deserve. sleeping with the wives of other business men to make a deal, look the other way if a business consultant gets in hot water and pinning the blame on the worker that witnessed the event. witch hunts were also popular around this time as well.

[A Pope, in his pontifical splendour, hardly affords much opportunity for such display.]
people in Europe at this time in history were very religions and a theocracy was very much a thing because people believed what the church said and took the popes advice as law, ad to go against the church would be to go against god and the government.

[This is a very fair likeness of Rachel, as times go. The great tragedian is, I have no doubt, extremely difficult to paint— owing, perhaps, to her mobility of feature—for, out of the innumerable portraits I have seen of her, not one satisfied me as a perfect likeness.]
Some painters made several paintings of women, as the usually but some of them would focus on one woman and make several paintings of a singular woman they admired or saw significant beauty in.

[I miss the charming miniatures]
Miniatures are essentially small hand crafted sculptures that depict many things from people to landscapes. most typically found as children’s toys but there are also high end miniatures that were used as sculptures and they were popular among royalty.

[Sir Fitzroy Kelly” (704).]
What I get from this is that people loved miniatures to go with their oil paintings because they would bring the piece to life and they could have a little added flair to the work of art. 

[published.]
Most paintings of this time were either religious or historical. the most common use for miniatures were in nativity sets that were religiously based on the Catholic faith and it was trending so almost every one had one in some capacity 

[Marble Bust]
Busts are essentially sculptures of a face

[marble bust o her Majesty]
Busts were often made of historical figures along with monarchs to show their reign and power to the masses. 

[ordinary works of portraiture]
getting a bust made was a major power statement, because anyone could have a painting done of them but to have a bust done was an expensive ordeal. plus hours of sitting in one place is a long time to sit.

[The sentiment thrown into this little group is of the purest and most touch­ing kind.]
Faith was very important to all people in the 1800s, so when a beloved person died that was well known they would all gather to host the funeral. if the person was famous they would have a bust done and placed at their final resting place. the most famous people would have a sculpture of them done to commemorate their passing to the other side.

[Southampton has of late years become celebrated for its hospitality]
Back when ships were the primary mode of transportation, they would be welcomed into distant ports to trade and celebrate a successful voyage. most ports would have big welcoming celebrations for travelers.

[he Government of the United States first fixed upon Southampton as its packet-station in the British Channel, and has established two lines of steam communication, from which the town, of course, derives material benefits: hence the reception  accorded to the American frigate St. Lawrence. The arrival of Commo­dore Vanderbildt, in his great steam-yacht, is also considered an occa­sion demanding one of the Southampton fraternizations;]
Trade between The Untied states and England were vital for both economies during the 19th century as both countries were recovering from a war with each other which the English lost again. so they American ships were a good sight for the people in the ports of England because it meant trade was happening and money was being made. thus the debt problem in England was resolving itself and the royal treasury was filling up.

[last week]
Parties were held on the yacht because it was made to be a party ship and both captains and crew were happy to relax and celebrate for a day or two before reembarking to their next port of call.

[national toasts ]
Toasts were given to the nations and crews for prosperity with their new alliance and to the future of the two nations. 

[Their con­tents consisted of 15,000 newspapers]
Now that is a lot of news papers to write about a single voyage, this shows how big the successful voyage was to both counties.

[ Leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 The eighth and last concert will be on the 27th inst.]
At these parties their would have been music and famous musicians that would conduct pieces for these lovely sailors.

[ globe.]
The tea trade with china was also a very big thing for England because they practically drained their treasure with their eastern campaigns to try and conquer china and India.

[ year]
Okay sorry for the lack of annotations of this, most of it is just scattered news that does not have a stream line story to it, well it does have a story to it but it is mostly just trading and shipping routes that unless you want to go in depth with that sort of stuff you would just gloss over and go directly to the next page.

[yellow fever]
Disease was a big problem during all the centuries up until like the mid 20th century when we developed a way to fight against these plagues.

[bank for savings]
Banks were on the rise at this time and people started to invest and save money. this was the being stages of the middle class where people could live comfortably but they had to work for it.

[ebullition]: A sudden outburst; of passion
“ebullition, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/59219. Accessed 28 October 2022.

[peremptory]: 
Admitting no debate; decisive, conclusive.
“peremptory, adj., adv., and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/140680. Accessed 28 October 2022.

[importunate]:
Of a person: persistent or pressing in making requests or offers, esp. to an irritating or distressing degree.
“importunate, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/92572. Accessed 28 October 2022.
[dun]: 
Things are at a standstill; there is an impasse or deadlock.
“dun, n.1.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58436. Accessed 28 October 2022.
 
This phrase in the context of the passage is talking about the son’s attitude. The father keeps on giving to his son to get rid of his son’s persistent nagging that won’t stop unless he is spoiled. 

[ignominious]:
Esp. of persons: deserving public disgrace or dishonour; held in contempt, contemptible.
“ignominious, adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/91225. Accessed 28 October 2022.
 

Manasseh:
Manasseh relates to the story of Manasseh, King of Judah from the Bible. Manasseh is known as one of the most wicked kings of Judah for his known acts of paganism, allowing prostitution, and putting up temples dedicated to himself. 
“Manasseh.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manasseh-king-of-Judah.
Saul:
 
 
Saul is also a biblical reference to the King of Saul. God chose Saul to be king but soon lost His favor because Saul disobeyed Him. God then gave Samuel the power to appoint the next king, which he gave to David. This angered Saul who then went on a rampage where he decided to go to Damascus to kill all of the saints. He also had a personal vendetta against David and chased him. Eventually, this led to a battle where Saul ended up committing suicide.
Zavada, Jack. “Meet Saul: First King of Israel.” Learn Religions, Learn Religions, 13 Sept. 2019, https://www.learnreligions.com/saul-first-king-of-israel-701170.
 

[salutary]:
Conducive to well-being, calculated to bring about a more satisfactory condition. 

“salutary, adj. (and n.).” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/170252. Accessed 4 November 2022.

[frivolous]:
Characterized by lack of seriousness, sense, or reverence; given to trifling, silly.
“frivolous, adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/74826. Accessed 4 November 2022.

[indisposition]:
The state of not being mentally disposed, or ‘in the mind’ (to something, or to do something); disinclination, unwillingness.

“indisposition, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94584. Accessed 8 November 2022.
 

[tare]
A name given to some species of vetch: in early times, esp. to those occurring as weeds in cornfields. 

“tare, n.1.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/197819. Accessed 8 November 2022.
In the context of this work, the child is young and inexperienced and instead of wanting to take the good word of God, he is letting the devil plant his weeds (tare). 

There is no other meaning for this phrase to be italicized other than for emphasis. 

[reproach]
To subject (a person) to reproach or censure; to upbraid, reprove, or rebuke; †to revile, abuse
“reproach, v.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163066. Accessed 8 November 2022.

[gall]
Bitterness of spirit

“gall, n.1.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/76229. Accessed 8 November 2022.
 

[profligate]
Recklessly extravagant, esp. with money; wasteful.

“profligate, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/152116. Accessed 8 November 2022.

[depravity]
The quality or condition of being depraved or corrupt.
“depravity, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/50407. Accessed 8 November 2022.

[countenance]
Senses relating to general demeanor or appearance.
“countenance, n.1.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/42627. Accessed 8 November 2022.

Joel was a prophet and spread God’s word in the kingdom of Judah during a time of chaos. He told the people that the state of their kingdom during their time of need was nothing compared to what God would do if they didn’t turn toward Him and His word. 
“Who Was Joel the Prophet and What Did He Prophesy? – Topical Studies.” Biblestudytools.com, 18 Mar. 2022, https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/topical-studies/who-was-joel-the-prophet-and-what-did-he-prophesy.html.
 
 

[beget]
The action of acquiring; acquisition, gaining; profit, advantage.
“beget, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/17085. Accessed 8 November 2022.

[importunity]
A request, demand, or offer made persistently or pressingly, esp. so as to cause irritation or distress. 
“importunity, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/92582. Accessed 8 November 2022.

[Sabbath]
Since the Reformation, often applied to ‘the Lord’s day’, i.e. the first day of the week (Sunday) observed by Christians in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ.
“sabbath, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/169311. Accessed 9 November 2022.

[inveterate]
Of evil feelings, prejudices, and the like.
“inveterate, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/99058. Accessed 9 November 2022.
 

[indolent]
Of persons, their disposition, action, etc.: Averse to toil or exertion; slothful, lazy, idle.
“indolent, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94698. Accessed 9 November 2022.
 

[dropsy]
figurative. An insatiable thirst or craving.
“dropsy, n. and adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57909. Accessed 9 November 2022.
 

[Neuralgia]:
Pain, typically stabbing or burning, in the area served by a nerve. 

“neuralgia, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/126356. Accessed 16 November 2022.

This paragraph is explaining the pain caused by neuralgia, why it happens, and what Dr. Theophilus Thompson recommends for pain relief. 

This paragraph is talking about Acute Rheumatism and how it is treated. Rheumatism is defined as: 
[Rheumatism]: 
Pain or stiffness in joints, muscles, or related components of the musculoskeletal system. 
Dr. Wright has found no other remedy that produces as much relief as mild alkalies, specifically sodium carbonate. The text then describes the specific ingredients for the medicine and explains why this medicine has been effective in treating rheumatism. 

“rheumatism, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/165198. Accessed 16 November 2022.

This paragraph describes another medicine and its specific ingredients to treat Purpura Haemorrhagica, which is the after-effects of strangulation. 
Kieffer, Phil. “Purpura Hemorrhagica: A Bad Sequel to Strangles.” Extension at the University of Minnesota, https://extension.umn.edu/horse-health/purpura-hemorrhagica-bad-sequel-strangles.
 
 

This paragraph is explaining medical conditions relating to the skin and how different medications can treat them, both internally and externally. Sodium bicarbonate is the main medicine used internally and the maximum dosage is explained. Externally, lotions, baths, powders, and ointments are used. The lotions are typically used for eczema and impetigo of the scalp. The strengths of the external medicines are then discussed. 

This paragraph is explaining the studies of Dr. Osborne and his advice on alkalines being used internally. Alkalescence means the alkalinity of and in this context, Dr. Osborne is saying that it is a necessary condition of the blood and that the natural alkali is sodium bicarbonate, referenced as soda within the text. When the natural sodium bicarbonate fails within the body, the result is the coagulation of the blood in the capillary vessels which then causes inflammation to occur. When this coagulation takes place, either sodium bicarbonate or potash, potassium carbonate, is taken into the stomach. These two substances have the power to make the urine alkaline and dissolve fibrin, an insoluble protein. Because of this, Dr. Osborne reasons that with any disease of the kidneys, alkalies should be given. The dosage of the alkalies is then explained. 

[Alkalescence]: alkalinity; tendency to become alkaline.
“alkalescence, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/5105. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 
[soda]: Sodium bicarbonate
“soda, n.1.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/183841. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 
[potash]: purified potassium carbonate
“potash, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/148751. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 
[fibrin]: an insoluble protein, formed from fibrinogen during blood clotting, which polymerizes to give the network of the clot

“fibrin, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/69767. Accessed 2 December 2022.

Detailing the credentials of the board and what they have approved. 

This paragraph is explaining cholera that was happening in Jamaica at the time and what they were doing to help it. The information was presented in the form of a pamphlet and approved by the Jamaica Board of Health. The Board was responsible for speaking about the nature, origin, spread, and preventative treatment of the disease, as well as stating the severity of the disease, and the potential treatment. The Board supports the idea that cholera has a level of contagion and that the recommended treatment is opium at the beginning when there is diarrhea. Salines will be used later on. The Board then provides a specific breakdown of the saline powder used by giving ingredients and measurements. 

[cholera]: Disease characterized by severe diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, typically occurring in the summer; gastro-enteritis, enterocolitis, or dysentery (probably mainly of bacterial origin)

“cholera, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/32162. Accessed 2 December 2022.

 
[malady]: Ill health, sickness, disease
“malady, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/112730. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 
[curative]: Of or relating to curing or healing
“curative, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/45959. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 
[contagionists]: One who maintains or believes that certain diseases, such as the plague, cholera, and yellow fever, are contagious.
“contagionist, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/40034. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 

This paragraph is explaining the effects of hernias by M. Baudens. To help with a strangulated hernia, the application of ice should be applied with pressure. The amount of ice that is applied should be in relation to the amount of inflammation for the hernia itself, also taking into account how the patient feels. M. Baudens says a cold compress should be soaked every once in a while, increasing the coldness each time. Ice is then also applied to decrease the temperature, the intensity of it also being increased by the addition of salt. Sometimes the ice alone was enough to start the reduction of the hernia, and M. Baudens has witnessed this three times. When this does not work, an elastic band is applied over the ice where there is continual steady pressure. Whenever the hernia is too painful to apply pressure, ice is only applied until the swelling is down enough that pressure can then be applied. During this whole process, the pelvis should be kept in an elevated position. 

This paragraph continues to explain the effectiveness of the treatment for a hernia. He explains why the treatment of pressure and cold work saying it overcomes capillary congestion and gets rid of the inflammation in the strangulated bowel. He goes on to say that this treatment is overlooked often because it is just ice, but because the strangulation of the bowel causes so much heat, ice is the best option to calm it down. He admits that the cold can be applied for too long, but that shouldn’t be a problem if you take the patient’s feelings into account. 

[efficacy]: Power or capacity to produce effects; power to effect the object intended
“efficacy, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/59736. Accessed 7 December 2022.

[exudation]: The process of exuding; the giving off or oozing out. 

“exudation, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/67233. Accessed 7 December 2022.

[diphtheritis]: An infectious disease that is characterized by severe inflammation of mucous membranes, esp. of the throat but often also of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

“diphtheria, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/53159. Accessed 7 December 2022.
[ranula]: A tumour or swelling located in the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue

“ranula, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/158120. Accessed 7 December 2022.

 
[hydrocele]: A tumour with a collection of serous fluid

“hydrocele, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/89930. Accessed 7 December 2022.

 
[extirpate]: To pull or pluck up by the roots
“extirpate, v.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/67036. Accessed 7 December 2022.
 

[ardent spirit.]
strong distilled liquors

[the demon of discord]
Essentially, “lack of harmony” or disagreements. 

[SOT]
“a habitual drunkard” 

[deportment]
“Manner of conducting oneself; conduct (of life); behavior”

“deportment, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/50358. Accessed 28 October 2022.

[helpmeet]
“A fitting or suitable helper; a helpmate: usually applied to a wife or husband.”
 
“helpmeet, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/85756. Accessed 4 November 2022.

[prayers and provender never hinder a journey.]
Ben Franklin quote
 
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-0100

[Redeemer]
“A person who saves another or others from sin or damnation; spec. (with capital initial and frequently with the) God or Christ.”
 
“redeemer, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/160238. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[hitherto]
“Up to this time, until now, as yet.”
 
“hitherto, adv. and adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/87355. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[beneficence]
“Doing good, the manifestation of benevolence or kindly feeling, active kindness.”
 
“beneficence, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/17679. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[rebuke]
“Shame, disgrace. Obsolete.”
“rebuke, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/159285. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[entreaty]
“The action or activity of negotiating or discussing terms; a negotiation. Obsolete.”
“entreaty, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/62972. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[calamity]
“The state or condition of grievous affliction or adversity; deep distress, trouble, or misery, arising from some adverse circumstance or event.”
“calamity, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/26161. Accessed 4 November 2022.

[debauched]
“obsolete”
“debauch, v.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47854. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[execrated]
“accursed, detested.” 
 
“execrate, v.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/65989. Accessed 4 November 2022.
 

[truss]
A compression garment

Essentially this means by compressing the hernia it prevents further damage and can end in it no longer being a problem. 

[criterion]
“An organ, faculty or instrument of judging.”
“criterion, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/44581. Accessed 30 November 2022.
 

[sac]
“a baglike organ or structure”
“sac.” Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. 2003. Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc 30 Nov. 2022 https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sac

[orifice]
 “An opening or aperture, esp. one forming the communication between a cavity or hollow organ and the surface of an animal or plant body”
“orifice, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/132552. Accessed 30 November 2022.
 

[lesion]
“injury; damage; hurt. Also: a wound or injury; a blemish, flaw, or hurt.”
“lesion, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/107461. Accessed 30 November 2022.
 

[fibrin]
“Originally: an albuminoid or protein compound substance found in animal matter; coagulable lymph. In modern use: an insoluble protein, formed from fibrinogen during blood clotting, which polymerizes to give the network of the clot.”
“fibrin, n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/69767. Accessed 30 November 2022.
 

[popliteal aneurism]
Knee aneurism 

[attenuated]
“To make thin or slender in girth or diameter”
“attenuate, v.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/12811. Accessed 30 November 2022. 

[ascertainable]
Capable of being fixed, settled, or decided.
“ascertainable, adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/11358. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 

[constituent]
‘That constitutes or makes a thing what it is; formative, essential; characteristic, distinctive.”
“constituent, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/39840. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 

[hydragogue cathartic]
a cathartic that causes copious watery discharges from the bowels
“Hydragogue.” Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hydragogue. Accessed 2 Dec. 2022.

[auspicious]
“Ominous, esp. of good omen, betokening success, giving promise of a favourable issue.”
“auspicious, adj.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/13257. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 

[repudiate]
reject
“repudiate, adj. and n.” OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2022, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163174. Accessed 2 December 2022.
 

[viz.]
“used, especially in written English, when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just written:”
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/viz

[2dly]
abbreviation of “secondly”

[Crimean War,]
Crimean War, (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan. Another major factor was the dispute between Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the holy places in Palestine.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Crimean War”. Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Crimean-War. Accessed 9 November 2022.
 

Romeo and Juliet: A Shakespearean Tragedy written by William Shakespear (1564-1616) that was believed to be written in between 1591-1595. One of Shakespears’ famous tragedies. It is a story of two star-crossed lovers from rival families. Their love was said to be so pure and true, since they killed themselves to be with the other, not being able to live without the other. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet

Valborg: (A possible person? Couldn’t find an exact person being mentioned in the text) Saint Walpurga (710-777 or 779) is a saint, an English missionary. She was very loved and popular in her time. She was a good example as a saint, a missionary, and a missionary tend to be full of love as they serve others and serve God. She was so well known as a good and loving person because Walpurgis Night was named after her. Walpurgis Night, also known as Saints Day and many other names, is a night celebrating Saint Walpurga, the coming of spring, fertility, celebrating against witchcraft, a way to ward off evil and witches, and so on. The festival consists of bonfires and dancing. Is celebrated by the Catholics, Lutherns, and Anglican churches, mostly in northern Europe it is celebrated. It is more of a Swedean tradition. A good possible example of the fairest love. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgis_Night

Winkelried: Arnold Von Winkelried (Died in 1386) is a Swiss legend hero. His sacrifice brought victory to the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Battle of Sempach (1386) against the army of Habsburg Duke Leopold III of Austria. His legend was that the Swiss army could not break through Habsburg’s pikemen. With a cry of love for his people and country, Winkelried shouted to the soldiers, “I will open a passage into the line; protect, dear countrymen and confederates, my wife and children.” Then he threw himself on the pikes, taking some of them down so the Swiss could enter and make their victorious attack. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_von_Winkelried

Infants are known for being pure and innocent, for not yet being corrupted by the world for they don’t know the difference between good and evil. Since they are full of pureness and innocence are full of love, pure love. There are some religions where infants aren’t born so pure because they have the Sin of Adam (From eating the forbidden fruit and getting outcast of the Garden of Eden), but once they are baptized, they are clean, pure, innocent, and full of love.
 

Book of Him: The bible, a religious book for Christains about Jesus Christ. Jesus was a prophet and the son of God who had come down to this earth to repay for all of our sins. He was hung on the cross, causing His death, and for our sins to be repaid. Jesus and God are always capitalized and even the pronouns of Him/He are also capitalized when mentioning them, that is why ‘Him’ was capitalized in the text.

Rose is compared a lot throughout the passage. Roses are a symbol of love, passion, and even innocence. In Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is also compared to a rose for he is the love of her life.
 

Joan of Arc: (Died 1431) Also name of “The Maid of Orleans” was a saint during the end of the 100 year war. She helped lead the French to help turn the war around against England. Once she was a poor peasant girl who made her way to the king’s armory for France. She was later captured and tried for being a witch and the crime of cross dressing. She was executed by being burned and died as a martyr. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

 
With the death of Joan of Arc, the 100 year war slowly came to an end with a lot of broken pieces to pick up. There was a lot of famine and death not only from war but the lack of crops and money and illness. During the war, there was a lot of trade that was cut off from both countries. At the same time the black death, the bubonic plague (1346-1353), had struck down the people of Europe as well. A lot of towns were in pieces from the rades burning down towns and killing everyone. At the end of the war, England lost most of the territory they had gained over the years and was left with one part of the territory of the city named Calais (In present day France). Blaming the poor government of England for this massive loss. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8
 

 
King Henry VI was a baby when he became king, due to his father’s death. He couldn’t rule the kingdom as a child so the other members of the royal court were in charge. He didn’t want to kill people anymore, having no desire to shed anymore blood, being completely different than his father before. Having a very unpopular opinion in killing more people for this war, there were plots of assassinating him. The Duke of Gloucester’s wife was said to be working with a witch name Margey in plotting the assassination of the king by using witch craft of a wax doll of the king. All three, Margey, Duke of Gloucster, and his wife were put to death for the plot of the assassination of the king. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8
 

A marriage was arranged between King Henry VI and Marget of Anjou to create some peace between the two countries for the war. The Duke of Gloucester, the new duke, was not happy about the arrangement, due to some territory being lost for this marriage that people died for, and spoke against it. He was imprisoned for treason. He later died in prison suddenly. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

Earl of Suffolk was being blamed for the King’s actions that nobody liked or agreed on and was deemed as a traitor. He was exiled for five years. He was chased out by mobs as he went on a boat to head to France for safety. He was later taken from his boat during the journey, treated as a traitor, and was beheaded. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

Jack Cade, an Irishman, raised up and gathered men to create a rebellion against the English government. It is also known as Cade’s rebellion as his men storm through, heading to London, for their attack as before hand they had beaten and killed a general, having Cade in disguise to sneak into London. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

Cade and his men went through a city from Southwark where they attacked the town. They captured the Lord of the city, Lord Say, and beheaded him, along with his son in law as they took over the town. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

Cade pillaged cities as they headed to London, creating more chaos. Lord Scales and his men were sent to stop him and his men and to defend London, by protecting the London Bridge. Cade had split up his men and Cade was defeated by Alexander Iden and was beheaded. Cade’s head was placed on the London Bridge. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The Duke of York, who was next in line for the throne since the Duke of Gloucester was dead and didn’t have any children, was sent to Ireland to be put aside, rumors of how the Queen Marget had the influence for his removal. The Duke of York makes claims of how he is the rightful and more fitted ruler than King Henry VI. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

After the fall of Jack Cade, The Duke of York returned to England from Ireland and put together an army to go against the King. There was some tension between the two parties, nothing violent happened yet, as there was the standoff between The Duke of York and The Duke of Somerset, who was on the side with the King and Queen. There was a deal of peace and the Duke of York renewed his allegiance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The Queen became pregnant and gave birth to a son who was sickly and the people didn’t accept him as their prince. King Henry VI had a mental breakdown and could not rule over the country. During the time of the King’s absence, The Duke of York, who was next in line, became the substitute. He was called the Lord Protector until the king could get better or until his son became of age. The King got better after some time and they replaced The Duke of York with The Duke of Somerset.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8
 

the two parties, York and Lancester (The Duke of Somerset, King Henry VI, Queen Margaret), continued to fight for the power. Creating the War of the Roses. The white and the red roses. Red being the house of Lancester. White being the house of York. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The two parties had their armies as they met up in St. Alban’s. York demanded for Somerset, wanting him gone, and the King did not want to give Somerset up. An attack was made and The Duke of Somerset was killed and the King injured and captured. Thus giving this a York win for the War of the Roses. The Duke of York again becomes the Lord Protector while the king recovers. It didn’t last long, only for a few months, and the king returned to rule once again. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The council in London to try and keep the piece between the two parties. There was a peace treaty to keep the peace with each other but it didn’t last long, only half a year, until a fight broke out between Earl of Warwick, one of York’s powerful friends, and some of the King’s court. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The two parties ready their armies and the fighting started. The Duke of York ended up running away to Ireland while his other companions ran away to Calais and elsewhere. A parliament was made that the York party are traitors. The Yorkers came back and at Northampton, the Yorkers won and captured the king yet again. The Queen and her young son, the prince, weren’t captured as they were able to flee to Whales. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The Duke of York redeemed himself and his men that they were not traitors. The Duke of York tried to claim the throne for himself completely but everyone objected to it. So a compromise was made that King Henry VI would still be king but his heirs wouldn’t be his son but the Duke of York and his heir would take the throne after. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The Queen was not happy that her son would not get the throne when it was rightfully his, being the King’s son, the prince. So she looks for help from Scotland and they gave her an army to fight against York. York and his army meet them at around Wakefield and there was a battle. The Queen’s army won as they captured York, beheading him, put his head on a pole and gave it to the Queen. Earl of Salisbury, who was helping York in this battle, was also beheaded. York’s second son was also killed by a lord, Lord Clifford, who was thought to be York’s first son. A Lanchester’s victory. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8

The true first son of York, Edward Earl of March, wanted revenge for the death of his father and brother. So he marched against the Queen. Due to the Queen’s actions of not helping the people, they didn’t support her and they hated her. With no support from the people to give her supplies, she ended up fleeing with her men. So when the people of London heard about Edward Earl of March as he came into the city, they asked him to be king. He accepts as the people chanted that they wanted Edward to be king and not prince Henry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNcBrrMoyL8
 

The narrator is referring to drinking alcohol in this paragraph. 

“Mogg’s Fares”: Mogg’s Ten Thousand Cab Fares from Actual Admeasurement, published by W. Mogg, London, 1859. 
https://www.abebooks.com/Moggs-Ten-Thousand-Cab-Fares-Actual/30371343956/bd
 

Chancellor of the Exchequer: a high-ranking Minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom as well as the head of Her Majesty’s Treasury. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer

Horace Mayhew: a British author/poet. Contributed to George Cruikshank’s ‘Table Talk’, and ‘Punch’ and published humorous sketches as ‘Wonderful People’ (1872). 
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG160721

Eusten-Square Station: an underground train station at the corner of Eusten Road and Gower Street in London. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_Square_tube_station

The Custom-House: a building on the Thames where customs duties on imports and exports were collected for centuries. It was also a major source of income for the Exchequer. 
https://www.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk/custom-house/

3s 6d: two pounds, three shillings, and sixpence of old British money. 
 http://projectbritain.com/moneyold.htm

Joseph-Nicephore Niepce: a French inventor, the first to make a permanent photographic image. 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicephore-Niepce

M. Fizeau: Armand Hyppolite Louis Fizeau was a French physicist. He is most well-known for his measurement of the speed of light as well as the “Fizeau Experiment” having to do with aether theories of light and special relativity. 
https://www.catholicscientists.org/catholic-scientists-of-the-past/armand-hyppolite-louis-foucault

M. Claudet: Antoine Francois Jean Claudet was a French photographer and artist that produced daguerreotypes.
 https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/antoine-claudet/m07gkj1?hl=en

Charles James Fox: a British politician that pledged to abolish slave trade. (1749-1806). 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-James-Fox

Lord John Russel: 1st Earl Russell, was the prime minister of Great Britain during the years of 1846-1852 and 1865-1866. (1792-1878). 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell

Whigs: a political party that was formed in 1834, led by Henry Clay. They were an opposition party to challenge Jacksonian Democrats. 
https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/whig-party

Machiavelli’s “nobile ozio”: translated from Italian, a noble idleness of delightful society, with classical associations, under a heaven of beauty. 
 

https://books.google.com/books?id=acE6C_xyqFIC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=machiavelli%27s+%22nobile+ozio%22&source=bl&ots=te6tVMkoev&sig=ACfU3U3ymG_Hz0-0y4rNXcQsu-cfuLAr9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiIzt_T5cHtAhX3FFkFHaBZCzIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=machiavelli's%20%22nobile%20ozio%22&f=false

Raffaelle Sanzio da Urbino: an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. (1483-1520). 
 

thttp://o https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raphael-Italian-painter-and-architect

Benvenuto Cellini: an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, draftsman, soldier, musician, writer, and artist. (1500-1571). 
http://o https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benvenuto-Cellini-Italian-artist

“Novum Organum”: philosophical work by Francis Bacon, published in 1620. 
http://o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum

“Life of Savage”: also called, Life of Mr. Richard Savage, the first major biography published by Samuel Johnson in 1744. 
http://o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Mr_Richard_Savage

Sydney Smith: an English preacher and writer. A champion of parliamentary reform and Roman Catholic emancipation. (1771-1845). 
http://o https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sydney-Smith

The expression “throw light” is an older translation of the nuanced expression “to shed light on”. 

“Grattan Memoirs”,  “Rockingham Memoirs”, “Courts and Cabinets of George III” are all memoirs written by the Duke of Buckingham. 

John Cantacuzene: a Greek nobleman, statesman, and general. He served as grand domestic under Andronikos III Palaiologos and regent for John V. Palaiologos before reigning as Byzantine emperor in his own right from (1347-1354). 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos

Constantine: aka Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from (306-337). 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great

Augustulus: The last of the Western Roman emperors (475-476). 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Romulus-Augustulus

Falstaff: a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare and is eulogized in a fourth. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Falstaff

John Wolfgang Goethe: a German writer and statesman. His works include: four novels; epic and lyrical poetry; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; and treatises on botany, anatomy, and color. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe

The House of the Stewart: a royal house of Scotland, England, Ireland, and later Great Britain. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart

Game of Quinze: a 17th-century French card game of Spanish Origin that was much patronized in some parts of Europe. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinze

Almack’s: the name of a number of establishments and social clubs in London between the 18th and 20th centuries. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almack%27s

Williamstown: a small village located in the townland of Corralough in Northeast County Galway, Ireland. http://www.williamstown.ie/

Killaloe: a large village in east County Clare, Ireland. 
http://www.discoverkillaloe.ie/

Kildare: a town in County Kildare, Ireland. 
https://www.ireland.com/en-us/destinations/republic-of-ireland/kildare/

Skibbereen: town in County Cork, Ireland. 
 

Francis Bennoch E. Wilson: London business man and silk merchant. http://• https://snaccooperative.org/view/73373469

Court of Common-council: the primary decision-making body of the City of London Corporation. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Common_Council

Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte: the third son of Napoleon’s second surviving brother, Lucien Bonaparte. 
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Bonaparte

The Royal Garden of Holyrood Palace: gardens at the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland, Queen Elizabeth II.
http://• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace

Cochin-China: the southern region of Vietnam during the French colonial period, known in precolonial times as Nam Ky (“Southern Administrative Division”). http://• https://www.britannica.com/place/Cochinchina

Dorkings: an ancient breed of chicken first developed as a landrace in the area of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey counties in England. 
http://• https://livestockconservancy.org/index.php/heritage/internal/dorking

All of the entries on this page are reviews of media, books, songs, etc. 

Foolscap Octavo: a book size, 41/4 by 63/4 inches. 
http://• https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/foolscap-octavo

All paragraphs above, including this one are used to praise a book about the Battle of Waterloo. 

Dickens (Or Abu Munchar, the narrator of this story) I believe is trying to say that there is beauty in the unknown, and that we are inclined to explore it due to our unfamiliarity with it. Essentially, what is being said here is that some things are beautiful because we don’t know about them, and that the joy brought by them would die out if we were to understand the origin of our feelings. This message will appear countless times throughout the journey of the various characters, namely Ali whom you (the reader) will meet later.

Essentially, what is being said here is that all “Merry Men” across the land live their lives pursuing different mediums of enjoyment. Some prefer getting drunk, others prefer lying and playing tricks in order to be happy, etc. However, the Merry men of Cairo tend to live their lives in a jolly manner, creating an atmosphere of high spirits that almost intoxicates people around them, making their medium of enjoyment the happiness of others.

Abu  is mistaken to be a thief known as Manrow. However, when authorities attempted to arrest him, Munchar gave the officers a purse with 100 gold pieces, saying it would be easier to find the original owner if placed in the policemen’s hands rather than his. The reason for Abu’s response is simple. He clearly knows there are a lot of witnesses, and in this gesture, he shows his kindness and selflessness, gaining the respect of the townsfolk.

Abu doesn’t simply play a trick on Ali out of desire to laugh, but rather as a plot of revenge. It is revealed here that Ali is one of (if not the single person) who reported Abu Munchar to the police saying he was the renowned thief they were searching for. It is here that Dickens is setting up the foolishness of Ali, and that he is an incredibly impulsive soul who is quick to believe anything he hears. Essentially, there are hints that show Abu feels remorse for this prank, but he believes that the lessons Ali will learn will make the hardships faced worthwhile.

A “Turban” is a form of headwear, most common in arabian culture. It is a piece of cloth wrapped exquisitely around the head of the subject. Those who wear them (mostly women) only remove them when at home and/or in the presence of their significant other while indoors.

Abu is trying to say to Ali that the key to happiness is found in humor from past misfortunes. The way this interpretation is true is that Abu only reveals he has found this secret after Abu played a trick on him that caused a cruel, unfortunate event. Another interpretation of this statement (That is far more likely to be true than the first) is that the key to happiness is what you make it, and that it’s something you always have possession of, even if not conscious of its existence.

The symbolism behind Ali’s task is that he is showing himself openly in the most literal way possible. Removing facial hair in Arab culture is a symbol of atheism, or in other words, turning away from the god you worship. Facial hair is more than just a fashion statement for the Arabian people of that time period, and many styles of facial hair that were common back then still live on today. For example, the more facial hair you have, the more devoted to religion you are. Some people even leave the top part of their beards clean-shaved as a symbol of devotion to the earlier prophets, namely Mohammed. 

Essentially, the key to this “joke” Abu is playing on Ali is that he wants Ali to believe that some great being has found him and that he needs to undergo some sort of “trial” to prove his worth to that being. However, unbeknownst to Ali, the person he seeks to please is a fake entity conspired by Abu and Maza.

In this opening, Dickens is doing two things at once. First of all, he is describing the ecosystem of this river in which salmon are born. By saying it has a great deal of work to do, he is quickly telling the tale of the ecosystem present, saying everything in it is like a living machine, and that like a clock, all cogs need to be present and working for the gears to keep moving forward. On the other hand, he is also using that image of a large machine bustling with life as a contrast to the peaceful birth of a salmon. He creates an image of the water, almost as if it’s deafening this world around the newborn salmon and uses it as a contrast to the earlier image. This is one of many of Dickens’ points of commentary on the society of humans vs. the society of nature’s creatures, alluding to the main message of this short story.

Dickens once again uses incredible imagery here to compare the life of a salmon to the life of a human. He says that during its infancy, the fish imagines this world that is small to us, but “beyond comprehension” to it, which is a brilliant way to show the parallels of both species’ infancy. This idea that these fish are curious about their world and begin to unravel its mysteries in their “childhood” just as we do in ours is very compelling, and Dickens, though in a convoluted way, explains it very well here. He uses a lot of images to show the world through not only the view of the adult fisherman, but the distorted “innocent” perspective of the newborn salmon as well through the narration of the salmon’s life through the fisherman.

This change in scenery Dickens uses is very well done, and as such it has more of a meaning in its swiftness, more so than it would have had the scene change been drawn out. The symbolic nature of the story’s structure is found here, as like a child who is awestruck by the world, the scene changes in the blink of an eye, giving us a whole new scenario for us as readers to analyze. He gives this brief statement of winter, then this powerful image of the melting snow creating stronger currents in the river, thus giving us time to analyze this salmon through its hardships of the early spring. Dickens takes an interesting approach here, as we humans often associate spring with peace rather than chaos. It serves as a light of hope for humankind to escape the dark, cold winter. However, Dickens flips this on its head, saying that winter is a time of solace, almost like a break within the cold waters before the rush and struggle of the spring.

“Falls of the Bann”  refers to the Bann River in Northern Ireland.

When Dickens uses the word “Sphere”, he is likely referring to one’s spiritual center. Often in literature, authors (namely eastern ones) tend to describe the soul as the “center” of the human being. On that same token, though talked about less, authors also describe the human being (spiritually) as a circle, made up of multiple psychological sections that all link to our center, thus forming the human “sphere”. Dickens is likely saying here that people are so quick to want to talk about what other people are like psychologically, yet salmon are more simple, living and breathing the environment in which they live, serving no purpose less or more than that.

This paragraph is compelling because it takes an event that is fiction in an old book and brings it to life as Dickens inquires whether or not a salmon of all things was present at the event. While this question is not to be unexpected based on the prior pages of this story, it’s symbolic the way Dickens sets this up. This “Fin McCoul” is actually a character of the children’s fable Fin M’Coul, written by Tomie dePaola, an Irish author. I found this compelling because it relates back to the idea that childhood narratives define our personality and character, and I believe it is in this paragraph that he is touching on that idea being true for salmon. There is a common idea that all stories are born from truth. If that is true, then if a similar story like the one in the book did happen in real life, it is likely a salmon would have seen it and been awestruck, similar to how a child’s eyes widen when their parents read them a book in bed, or even for when they pick up a book themselves.

Dickens takes this paragraph to take a conservationist approach, which is a derivative of his previous inquiries. For example, he alludes to the relationship between salmon and women, saying that they should be cherished and protected, loved no matter the form they take or the age they may be. These fish should be nurtured and cared for until their death, so that their beauty may not be squandered prematurely (or so Dickens believes).

Dickens chooses this paragraph specifically to comment on something crucial to the understanding of nature, and that is the misunderstanding the creature in question has for the world around it. Very subtly, Dickens uses this story to describe the complicated nature of humans, comparing it to the subtle, gentle, and simplistic nature of creatures in the world around us, using the lens of a salmon in particular for this short story. The main focus for this paragraph of his is how negligent the salmon is to the dangers of the world around it, emphasizing any day that a predator could come along and kill it, or some unforeseen event could occur that would end the poor, innocent salmon’s life. He uses this paragraph also to (again, very subtly) talk about how we as people differ from the creatures of nature. We spend a lot of days conscious of death. Some keep it close to their hearts as a constant reminder of the inevitable. Others brush it aside and live life blissfully with no care for the possible fate that could await them that very day, minute, or second. His point here is that essentially, salmon have the blissfulness of ignorance, which allows them to live a more simple, joyous life. Dickens does a great job at pointing this out, and with that, gives us a glimpse into the overarching theme of this piece, which is that if these fish could communicate their life stories to us, we would almost be envious of them just as this narrator is. This piece is meant to invoke many emotions, swapping back and forth between joy, nostalgia, and even anger and/or jealousy for the blissfulness of these salmons’ lives.

Port Rush: A town in Northern Ireland with a long history of fisherman culture. Known as a hotspot for many irish fishers, even in modern day.

Lough Foyle: A large tidal mouth of the Foyle River on the north coast of Ireland. A tidal mouth is also referred to as an Estuary, which is where the river meets the ocean.

These final words by Dickens (though short in nature) are very captivating, especially how he says “as far as we know”. There is an impact in words here many readers will miss, but it is very important to the story. The message in this story is that there is beauty in not knowing, whether it be that we’re missing a key to a simple question or perhaps not knowing the answer to a larger one. Dickens’ goal here is to emphasize that we should envy the salmon, as they live life ignorant to ideas of existentialism or philosophy, finding joy in life simply by doing what they choose and/or what they are guided to do by instinct.

[Governor of the Gold Coast]
Sir Stephen John Hill was born June 10, 1809, possibly in the West Indies. His army career began in 1823 when he joined the reserves. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1828, and to captain in 1842. Hill served in Africa, becoming governor of the Gold Coast (Ghana) in 1851 and of Sierra Leone in 1854.
source: https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/colonial-stephen-hill.php

In 1868, The British and African Steam Navigation Co was founded in Edinburgh by a group of Glasgow businessmen.
source: https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Elder_Dempster_and_Co

Cape Coast Castle is a European-built fortress situated on the central coastline of Ghana. Since its initial construction in 1652, the castle served as a trading post for European nations and as the headquarters of British colonial administration for the Gold Coast Colony. Throughout the 18th century, the Castle served as a “grand emporium” of the British slave trade. Thousands of enslaved Africans, were brought to Cape Coast Castle to be sold to British slave ships. 
source: https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cape-coast-castle/

Assin People also known as the Asin or Asen People are part of the Akan ethnic group and can be found in the Central Region of Present-day Ghana. They are related to the Fanti People and others part of the Akan ethnic group. 
source: https://rediscoveringafricaheritage.wordpress.com/2017/06/22/assin-people-of-ghana/

There’s a famous photo that is being sold on major websites entitled “SIERRA LEONE Slave ship captured River Pongas antique print”.

cabman: the driver of a horse-drawn hackney carriage
source: Oxford Dictionary

July Revolution:  For three days, later known as le Trois Glorieuses (July 27-29), working and middle-class citizens set up barricades in the Paris streets and fought the royal army. Unable to contain the insurrection, Charles X soon abdicated. 
source:
https://www.britannica.com/event/July-Revolution

acien regime: the political and social system in France before the Revolution of 1789.
source: Oxford Dictionary

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was a best seller documenting slavery in the United States. In 1852, the serial was published as a two-volume book. The book sold 10,000 copies in the United States within its first week. And 1.5 million copies in Great Britain in a year. 
source:
https://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/harriet-beecher-stowe/uncle-toms-cabin/
 

Temperance movement dedicated to promoting moderation, and more often, complete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor.
source: 
https://www.britannica.com/topic/temperance-movement

demarcation: the action of fixing the boundary or limits of something. Oxford Dictionary

Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877) embraced his curiosity in the fields of mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, and botany. He is regarded as a photograph “pioneer”. He invented salted paper and calotype processes. 
 source: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tlbt/hd_tlbt.htm

In Italian ozio can be either man leisure or laziness. 
source:
https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/the-meaning-of/italian-word-ozio.html

whig: a member of the British reforming and constitutional party that sought the supremacy of parliament and was eventually succeeded in the 19th century by the Liberal Party. Also, an American colonist who supported the American Revolution. 
 source: Oxford Dictionary 

Pococurante: a person who is careless or indifferent
 source: Oxford Dictionary

The awarding of earned Doctorates of Civil Law by the elected Chancellor.
Oxford University Gazette [PDF]. Oxford University Press, 2002, https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gazette/documents/media/encaenia_2002_-_1_to_no_4628.pdf.

The town-hall building for the city of Oxford. Built in 1752, the building was a major community hub for both merchants and political officials. From 1842 to 1879, it also housed the official post office.
“The Old Town Hall, Oxford.” Mayors & Lord Mayors, Oxford History, 2020, http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/mayors/town_hall/old.html.

The Chancellor of Oxford University is the elected titular head of the University who presides over all major ceremonies.
“Governance.” University of Oxford, 2020, https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/governance.

The primary assembly location of Oxford University. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Gilbert Sheldon, paid for the building’s construction (1664-1669), so it was given his name upon completion. The architect behind the building’s design is named Sir Christopher Wren, who was at the time the University’s Professor of Astronomy. At the time of this publication, the building was 184 years old.
“History of the Building.” Sheldonian Theatre, University of Oxford, 2020, https://www.sheldonian.ox.ac.uk/building-history.

An annual social celebration for the Freemasons, where members may bring their partners to celebrate the year in full regalia.
“154th Grand Masonic Ball.” Freemasonry: News About Masonry Around the World, 2013, http://freemasonry-cg.com/154th-grand-masonic-ball/.

June 14, 1853.
“1853 Calender.” What Day of the Week, 2020, https://www.dayoftheweek.org/calendar/1853.

The 14th Earl of Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley. An illustrious British politician who held a great many titles throughout his lifetime.
“Past Chancellors.” University of Oxford, 2020, https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-officers/chancellor/past-chancellors.
“Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith (1799–1869).” Australian Dictionary of Biography, Australian National University, 2020, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/stanley-edward-george-geoffrey-smith-2691.

Definition: “a large, important entrance to a building”
“Portal.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/portal. 
 

Definition: “approval or agreement, often given by an official group”
“Approbation.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/approbation.
 

Definition: “a large formal meeting, especially of Church officials or of members of some universities in the U.K”
“Convocation.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/convocation.

A higher doctorate offered by the University of Oxford. The Doctorate of Civil Law is to recognize mastery of legal scholarship. A team of judges use a set criteria to determine if candidates meet the set standard required to receive the degree.
“Higher Doctorates.” University of Oxford, 2018, https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/higher-doctorates.

Definition: “to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take”
“Confer.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/confer.

Edward Henry Stanley, the 15th Earl of Derby. Was the Secretary of State for the Colonies and India.
“Guide to the Papers of Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (as filmed by the AJCP).” Trove, 2019, https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-815110582/findingaid.

The indoctrination for the status of Doctor of Civil Law. And old tradition of Oxford University is to say the proceedings in Latin. 
Oxford University Gazette [PDF]. Oxford University Press, 2002, https://gazette.web.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gazette/documents/media/encaenia_2002_-_1_to_no_4628.pdf.

Emma Smith-Stanley, Countess of Derby.
Flantzer, Susan. “Wedding of Victoria, Princess Royal and Friedrich III, German Emperor, King of Prussia: Other Guests.” Unofficial Royalty, 2019, https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/wedding-of-victoria-princess-royal-and-the-future-friedrich-iii-german-emperor-king-of-prussia/.

June 15, 1853.
“1853 Calendar.” What Day of the Week, 2020, https://www.dayoftheweek.org/calendar/1853. 
 

The masonic lodge for members of Oxford University.
“About.” Apollo University Lodge No. 357, https://www.apollo357.com/. 
 

A special outfit made of an apron, collar, jewel, and raiment. Different Lodges can have different styles.
“Masonic Clothing.” The Grand Lodge of the State of Louisiana, 2020 https://la-mason.com/shorttalk/masonic-clothing/.

Definition: “a wide path for walking on”
“Promenade.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/promenade.

Definition: “cloth hanging or arranged in folds”
“Drapery.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/drapery. 
 

Definition: “to print or decorate something in a very noticeable way”
“Emblazon.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/emblazon.

Definition: “a short sentence or phrase that expresses a belief or purpose”
“Motto.” Cambridge Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/motto.
 

Oxford University is comprised of several independent colleges and private halls.
“What are Oxford Colleges?” University of Oxford, 2020, https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/colleges/what-are-oxford-colleges.

June 16, 1853.
“1853 Calender.” What Day of the Week, 2020, https://www.dayoftheweek.org/calendar/1853. 
 

The bishop who oversees the entire diocese (every bishop-controlled district in Oxford). The most senior bishop, titled the Bishop of Oxford” in 1853 was Samuel Wilberforce.
“The Bishop of Oxford.” The Diocese of Oxford, 2020, https://www.oxford.anglican.org/who-we-are/oxford/bishop-of-oxford/. 
“Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford 1845-1869.” Bishops of Oxford, Oxford History, 2020,  http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/bishops/wilberforce.html. 
 

The bishop in charge of the district which covers north-east and part of central Wales. The bishop in 1853 was Thomas Vowler Short.
“Bishop of St. Asaph.” The Church in Wales, The Representative Body of the Church in Wales, 2020, https://www.churchinwales.org.uk/en/about-us/bishops/right-reverend-gregory-cameron-bishop-st-asaph/. 
“Short, Thomas Vowler (1790 – 1872), Bishop of S. Asaph.” Dictionary of Welsh Biography, The National Library of Wales, 1959,  https://biography.wales/article/s-SHOR-VOW-1790#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fdamsssl.llgc.org.uk%2Fiiif%2F2.0%2F4673846%2Fmanifest.json&xywh=115%2C792%2C2379%2C1920.
 

Currently James Howard Harris, the 3rd Earl of Malmesbury.
“James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury.” The British Museum,, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG155103.

Charles Philip Yorke, the 5th Earl of Hardwicke.
“Charles Philip Yorke, 5th Earl of Hardwicke.” The British Museum, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG230712.

Refers to St. Paul’s Cathedral. Saint Paul the Apostle was one of the earliest preachers of Christianity and considered one of the most influential historical figures in the 30-50’s AD, believed to have written most of the New Testament of the Bible. The reference here refers to Paul’s past as a persecutor of the early religious movements of Christianity before becoming an apostle of Jesus of Nazareth, implying that troubled youth can change and create change in a quiet town not unlike Paul, his transformation, and teachings. It can be interpreted as satirical since these “troubled” boys are causing issues for London, but are compared to one of the most influential and pious people of the Christian faith. https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0 , https://books.google.com/books?id=wd4Cfxc1kLkC

The trip from Brighton to Red Hill is about an hour today. It goes from a coastal town to the more centralized and condensed town of Red Hill, so the comparisons of ovens and heat are referencing both the change from ocean temperatures to more inland ones, as well as heat from the congestion of more people in a smaller amount of space in the town of Red Hill. https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Brighton/Redhill
 

 
Honeysuckle and Bindweed are two plants that are classified as twining vines, able to “climb” up structures and other plants to grow. It is an irony in this passage because both these plants have flowers and are considered pleasant to look at, but are looked down on in this context since they are not growing on the ground like a “proper” flower like a  Veronica (Speedwell) or Mouse-Ears (Chickweed).  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolvulus_arvensis , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle
 

 
The Royal Philanthropic Society was an organization established in 1788 and was a group focused on helping homeless children get off the street and find means of living other than crime or begging. It originally started by having children live with willing craftsmen and their families to learn a trade and create connections while they grew up. The society was eventually backed and absorbed by the British government in 1806, and gained greater resources. Around 1845, certain societal changes and interpretations of crime and human nature influenced the Royal Philanthropic Society to not accept children that possessed criminal parents into their society, as well as started placing them into clusters of children known as “schools” instead of individual households. These schools are a large portion of what “Boys to Mend” focuses on, which covers their effectiveness and comparisons to prisons.  https://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/subjects/schools/royal_philanthropic_society/
 

A chaplain in this context is supposed to be a private priest working in the school, supposedly to help teach the boys who attend the Philanthropic Farm School good, Christian morality as the superintendent. The fact that he does not outwardly wear his traditional garb, or any adorning of a chaplain is telling of the priority of these schools, and towards the lack of care towards these children that “Boys to Mend” is implying.
 

There are inconsistencies with which children are admitted to the Red Hill farm school, where some children are placed there by the government, and others can gain acceptance there by having parents pay for their acceptance. This is to imply the seeming randomness in which these boys are placed in these institutions, and seeming lack of care for their “rehabilitation” of character and morals. This is further implied by some boys being placed here in their last months of imprisonment, meaning little meaningful time is given to them before their release.

This section satirically praises how the boys are given a great amount of freedom to do what they want, and are rarely meted out punishment for infractions. This again shows how morality here is not being taught to the boys here, they are left to their own devices. This also juxtaposes with the idea that in the past boys like these were taught a trade like smithing or carpentry and could make meaningful connections with those they apprenticed under, where now they are given tracts of land to farm and take care of, a skill less valued in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. This again implies that this school may not teach the boys anything and may even cripple their chances for meaningful employment once they leave. This theme of farming, the importance to the boys, and the intense labor of it for minimal gain will persist throughout this text.

This paragraph again satirically references the idea of teaching the boys a kindly type of morality while lauding that they are unsupervised like “prisoners on parole”. Additional mention is made praising the chaplain for his teaching of character to the boys of the school, with a reminder that the chaplain appears earlier not wearing his traditional garb, implying that these lessons of morality are suspect, if taught at all.

There is no recorded position known as a “Professor of Haymaking”, and is most likely a satirical reference to the education the boys are receiving. That said, there is a believed method to creating superior hay that may increase efficiency in farming. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.cornell.edu/dist/e/1628/files/2016/03/Haymaking-1qj3yi6.pdf

Note how the boys are paid for their work, but these can be subtracted seemingly at random for vague infractions by the chaplain. Additionally, the boys do not directly receive their money, but it is spent “according to their wishes”, preventing the boys to directly invest their money into personal interests or future planning.

The final appeal to the audience is satirical in the sense that it espouses Farm Schools must be placed before prisons to rear troubled boys, when this whole text has been nothing but veiled comparisons to said prisons and documented neglect these boys face. It makes a call to action to the reader by implying the “thousands of souls” lost irresponsibly are acceptable losses, and that death should be embraced as an old friend. This combined with the lackluster chaplain portrayed at running the school is an appeal to the religious side of readers, and makes a move to encourage those readers to speak up on these boy’s behalf.

 
The text starts by pointing out the unclear origins of the walking stick, there are no recorded texts of the “creation” of one, they just were always around. There is a point made in the beginning they were simple and “no-nonsense” before gradually becoming more ornate and complicated, a theme that will persist throughout the text. The link is merely one of many sites that give an overview of the origins of canes, but note how the history is dubious until around the 1600’s. https://fashionablecanes.com/pages/about-canes
 

Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, reaching 15,771 feet (4,807 meters) in height. The alpenstock staves mentioned in this paragraph would have been used to stab into the mountain to keep a degree of balance when hiking some of the steeper slopes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc

A clouded cane refers to a Malacca cane, or one made of Asian rattan palm, generally aged to give it a more dignified appearance. It is compared to Sir Plume from the work The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope. The Rape of the Lock was considered a high burlesque mock-heroic narrative poem, and Sir Plume was a character who challenged the Baron of the story to an ineffectual duel. The comparison could be to show how the process to make a clouded cane by aging it is more trouble than it is worth for a simple cane. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Malacca%20cane

Tim Bobbins was the pseudonym of the satirical poet and caricaturist John Collier who lived In the 1700’s; Merry Andrews is a person who clowns (as is has the profession of a clown) publicly; Toby Fillpots (or jugs) are caricature pottery jugs said to represent Sir Toby Belch in Shakespeare play Twelfth Night. All these satirical mentions are to highlight the absurdity of some of the canes that are created by comparing them to clowns, caricatures and silly looking pottery. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collier_(caricaturist), https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Merry_Andrew, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Jug

The Report of the Exhibition Jury of Miscellaneous Articles may refer to a report titled “Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes into which the Exhibition was Divided”. This document categorizes and explains the displays of the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was an international exhibition held in England to showcase art, design, and industrial works from all over Europe. The reference in the text may refer to how varied and unique everything in the exhibition was, much like canes can be.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c3099681&view=1up&seq=7

Warted-Crab most likely refers to a crabapple tree (specifically a European crabapple tree), a tree with thick branches to support the apples they grow, and would grow large enough to make larger canes with a smooth surface if the bark was boiled off.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris

While there have been mentions of the decorations sticks go through, and the mention of King Henry VIII having a walking stick, this is the first mention of walking sticks dividing people into social-classes based on what they have. The text is slowly showing how walking sticks are evolving from a means of locomotion into a show of wealth, and now social standing.

Hogarth’s Theory of Curved Lines refers to the written works of William Hogarth, specially his 1753 written work The Analysis of Beauty. He specifically makes mentions of the use of “serpentine” lines to express elegance and beauty in works of art. This reference is used to point out the potential gaudiness an adornment can inflict on a walking-stick, diminishing its natural beauty. https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/1217/1/Davis_Fontes52.pdf

This is the first mention of nationality in walking sticks, from who makes certain types best to identifying people by the walking sticks they possess.
 

 
The “Grand Ducal State of Hesse” refers to the Grand Duchy State of Hesse that existed from 1806 to 1918. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse
 

The word “Herr” in German is similar to the word “mister” in English. As such, the “Herr Meyer” in this text is referring to a man known as “Mister Meyer”, and therefore is difficult to identify as a real historical person who made walking sticks. With how specific other parts of this text are with cane crafting and materials, it is unknown if the name of Herr Meyer was written to be intentionally vague, or potentially a mistake believing that the person’s first name was “Herr”, or some other reason. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_honorifics

The Zollverein Department of the Great Exhibition is a reference to the art event called the Great Exhibition that took place in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, 1851. The Zollverein Department was the section of the Great Exhibition that specifically showcased German art. This reference may be to show that the walking-sticks created by this “Herr Meyer” was popular with both the highest echelon of society, and could be compared to the works of arts in the Zollverein Department. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/8810091, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41365158?seq=1

It is unclear what it means by “Electro-Biological gentleman” in this paragraph, but there are two likely explanations for this phrase. The first is that the gentleman in question was a researcher or enthusiast of electrobiology (known then as electrochemistry), which tentatively started with Alessandro Volta in 1800 with the invention of the first modern electrical battery. The second is that this comment could refer to the Victorian belief that electrocution could aid in curing or preventing diseases. Regardless, the point made in the text is that this is just another absurd use for a walking stick in a long growing list of absurd uses for it. https://www.electrochem.org/birth-of-electrochemistry/, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20170215-the-strange-victorian-fashion-of-self-electrification

Dunned: To grow dark or dim; spec. (in Middle English) to become dull in colour; to lose colour, fade
Folly: Foolishness or deficiency in understanding; lack of good sense. Also: unwise conduct.
Debase: To lower in position, rank, or dignity; to abase

Deplore: To weep for, bewail, lament; to grieve over, regret deeply

“sanctify his soul”: to make holy
Scriptural: Of or relating to scripture; based on, contained in, or in accordance with the Bible or another sacred text.

Pagan: A person not subscribing to any major or recognized religion, esp. the dominant religion of a particular society; spec. a heathen, a non-Christian, esp. considered as savage, uncivilized, etc. 
Profligate: Overthrown, routed
Filial:  Of or pertaining to a son or daughter.
 

Pious: Of an action, thought, resolve, etc.: characterized by, expressing, or resulting from true reverence and obedience to God; devout, religious

Deportment: Manner of conducting oneself; conduct (of life); behaviour
Profligacy: Licentious or dissolute behaviour; debauchery; spec. (in later use) sexual promiscuity
Gospel: ‘The glad tidings (of the kingdom of God)’ announced to the world by Jesus Christ. Hence, the body of religious doctrine taught by Christ and His apostles; the Christian revelation, religion or dispensation. Often contrasted with the Law, i.e. the Old Testament dispensation. Phrase, to preach, †minister the gospel.
Engrafting: To graft in; to insert (a scion of one tree) as a graft into or upon (another). Also absol.
Emblematical: Pertaining to, or of the nature of, or serving as, an emblem; symbolical, typical. Const. of.

Damascus: capital of Syria

Eph. 2 : 10: Titus, 3: 5 – 8 For by grace you have been saved through faith; and [a]this is not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; 9 not a result of works, so that no one may boast. 10 For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand so that we would walk in them.

Tares: The seed of a vetch (legume): usually in reference to its small size. 

Tucro-Danubian Provinces: Located by the Danube river. The Danube is the second largest river of Europe and the most important one in Central-East Europe.

David Dumbreck, M.D.: Dumbreck, the only son of Thomas Dumbreck, collector of inland revenue at Glasgow, by Elizabeth, youngest daughter of David Sutherland of the same service, was born in Aberdeenshire in 1805 and educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated Doctor of Medicine

Quinine: A bitter alkaloid found in cinchona bark; a drug containing this or any of several of its derivatives, employed in the treatment of malaria and (in early use) as a general febrifuge and tonic. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339) 

Cinchonism:   The disordered condition produced by the excessive use of cinchona or quinine. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339) 

Garrison: †(a) A fortress or stronghold. Obsolete.  (b) (from sense 4) A place in which troops are quartered for defensive or other military purposes; a garrison-town. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339) 

 
Paroxysm: An episode of increased acuteness or severity of a disease, esp. one recurring periodically in the course of the disease; a sudden recurrence or attack, e.g. of coughing; a sudden worsening of symptoms. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
 
Hydragogue: Having the property of removing accumulations of water or serum, or of causing watery evacuations. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
 

Cathartic: Cleansing (the bowels), promoting evacuation, purgative. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339) 
 

Diuretic: Having the quality of exciting (excessive) excretion or discharge of urine. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)

Hyperaemia: An excessive accumulation of blood in a particular part, arising either from increased flow through the arteries; or from obstruction in a vein; congestion. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
Concomitant: Going together, accompanying, concurrent, attendant.  (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
Scarification: To make a number of scratches or slight incisions in (a portion of the body, a wound). (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
Sinapism: A plaster or poultice consisting wholly or partly of mustard flour; a mustard plaster. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)

Induration: the action of hardening. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
Drachm: the principal silver coin of the Ancient Greeks. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)

Quotidian: Recurring or occurring every day, spec. at twenty-four-hour intervals; (of a disease, esp. malaria) characterized by paroxysms recurring at this interval. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)
Dysentery: A disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane and glands of the large intestine, accompanied with griping pains, and mucous and bloody evacuations. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 339)

Tenia Solium: known as the pork tapeworm. It is a parasite that is responsible for two distinct infections in people known as taeniasis and cysticercosis. The latter can lead to significant morbidity in individuals affected by it while the former usually does not. These conditions occur due to poor hygiene and sanitation, which includes improperly cleaning and cooking our food. (https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-taenia-solium-life-cycle-cytology.html)

Diaphoresis: perspiration, especially, that produced by artificial means

Carminative: having the quality of expelling flatulence

Choleraic: relating to nature of cholera (bile).

Cessation: ceasing, discontinuance, stoppage; either permanent or temporary. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 341)
Draught: a quantity of liquid medicine ordered as a single dose.

“restore the equilibrium of the circulation”: to restore the balance of blood flow
Asiatic disease: referring to the spread of cholera in the 19th century. Origin of the disease came from India (Cholera – HISTORY)
 

Premonitory: Giving or conveying premonition, that is a premonition; serving to warn or notify beforehand.
Prostration: the act of falling forward with the face down.
Post-mortem: after death
Ganglionic nervous system: part of the peripheral nervous system, carries nerve singles to and from central nervous system (Ganglia: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment (verywellhealth.com))

Curative: of or relating to curing or healing. (Medical Times & Gazette pg 341)

M. Brown Sequard: connected to Brown-Sequard syndrome – a rare neurological condition that happens when damage to your spinal cord causes muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of your body and a loss of sensation on the opposite side. (Brown-Séquard Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment (clevelandclinic.org))

Mammalia: the large class of vertebrate animals comprising the mammals
“Les Memoires de la Societe de Biologie”: (memoires of the biology society) published in 1850 Paris, France, it discusses biology, periodicals, and science (Details – Comptes rendus des séances et mémoires de la Société de biologie – Biodiversity Heritage Library (biodiversitylibrary.org))
 

(Ashurst) Majendie: (1748-1967) director of French Hospital; instrumental in foundation of Geological Society (Majendie – Huguenot Museum)
(Gilbert) Breschet: (1784-1845) French anatomist (Breschet | definition of Breschet by Medical dictionary (thefreedictionary.com))

suppuration: formation or discharging of pus

Utero-gestation: the progressive development of the embryo in the womb from conception till birth

Malleolus: Either of the two bony protuberances on either side of the ankle, one of which is a process of the tibia, and the other a process of the fibula.

Affusion: influx or accumulation of blood or serum
Hippocrates: (460 BCE – 370 BCE) Greek physician during age of Pericles (Hippocrates – Quotes, Oath & Medicine – Biography)

Caoutchouc: India-rubber, or Gum Elastic; the milky resinous juice of certain trees in South America, the East Indies, and elsewhere, which coagulates on exposure to the air, and becomes highly elastic, and is waterproof; it is now a most important substance in arts and manufactures.

Subcutaneous: Of a process or a procedure, esp. the administration of a drug: taking place or performed under the skin or in the subcutis.

enucleation: the act of removing a tumor

Integument: that which anything is covered, enclosed, or clothed

Timoressness (timorousness): quality of being fearful, timid

Hydatid Cyst: “Hydatid cysts result from infection by a tapeworm of either the Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis and can result in cyst formation anywhere in the body. Hydatid disease also known as hydatidosis, is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) caused by a parasitic infestation by a tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus 1. Human echinococcosis or hydatid disease is caused by the larval stages of cestodes (tapeworms) of the genus Echinococcus.” (Hydatid cyst causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & prognosis (healthjade.net))
Malignant growth: cancer (Malignant growth | definition of Malignant growth by Medical dictionary (thefreedictionary.com))
Purulent: of the nature of or resembling pus
 

Abscess: A circumscribed collection of pus or purulent debris, typically caused by a localized bacterial infection
Lumbar Region: on the spinal cord located between ribs and pelvis (Spine Anatomy Part 4 – Lumbar Region – Saratoga Spine)
Oxalate: a salt or ester
Calculi: kidney stones (Kidney Stone: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More (healthline.com))

Nervine tonic: herbs that nourish and support the central nervous system (Nervine Tonics: Benefits, How to Use & Potential Side Effects (healthline.com))
Anti-spasmodics: medication used to treat irritable bowel syndrome

Erroneous: wandering aimlessly
Tympanitic: referring to distension (expansion/swelling) of the abdomen by gas or air in intestines

https://www-oed-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/view/Entry/144365?redirectedFrom=pious#eid
a. Of an action, thought, resolve, etc.: characterized by, expressing, or resulting from true reverence and obedience to God; devout, religious.

https://www-oed-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/view/Entry/70172?redirectedFrom=filial#eid
1. Of or pertaining to a son or daughter.

Thesaurus »
 
 a. Of sentiments, duty, etc.: Due from a child to a parent.